Evaluación de un ingrediente funcional para el control glicémico en humanos / Evaluation of a functional ingredient for glycemic control in human

The prevalence of non-transmissible chronic diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes, among others, have increased worldwide. One way to prevent and/or control them is through bioactive food compounds that can be incorporated as functional ingredients (IF). The IF isa compound IF: apple pomace, opuntia palette, tomato pomace and rice bran. Objective: Assess the functional ingredient (IF) for glycemic control in humans. Subjects and Methods: 48 Subjects, both sexes, aged between 40 and 60. Divided into three groups: non-obese (NO), obese (OB) and diabetic (DM) with 16 subjects per group. Subjects consumed 600 g daily of nonfat yogurt with artificial sweetener. 50 percent of the subjects in each group received yogurt with IF and 50 percent without IF for 44 days. Metabolic control of capillary blood glucose was performed weekly, of nutrition every week, as well as basal metabolic control, 22 and 44 with: fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, tolerance test to glucose with 2 point sampling and calculation of HOMA-IR. All analyses were performed at the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile. The statistical analysis included measures of central tendency and dispersion. They compared the effect of the intervention vs control using the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples and the Chi2 test for categorical variables. Results:15 subjects from the DM group, 16 from OB and 10 from NO completed the experiment. Significant differences were found between the intervention group and the placebo in the obese group, in the weight variation of the basal-22 days, 22-44 and basal-44 days with p = 0.007, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001respectively, and significant differences in the NO group between the placebo and intervention groups in the variation basal-22 days for HOMA-IR (p = 0.010) and 44 -22 days for LDL (p = 0.045). Conclusion: In this study no significant differences were found for subjects stratified into...

[Hepcidin as a central mediator of anemia of chronic diseases associated with obesity]. / Anemia de las enfermedades crónicas asociada a obesidad: papel de la hepcidina como mediador central.

Recent evidence suggests that obesity-related inflammation may play a central role in hepcidin regulation. Hepcidin is a key regulator ofiron homeostasis and has now been suggested as a central mediator ofiron metabolism disorders involved in the pathogenesis of anemia of chronic disease. In this review, we focus on subclinical inflammation in obesity and its effect on hepcidin levels, as the most plausible explanation for the relationship between anemia of chronic disease and obesity.

Anemia de las enfermedades crónicas asociada a obesidad: papel de la hepcidina como mediador central / Hepcidin as a central mediator of anemia of chronic diseases associated with obesity

Recent evidence suggests that obesity-related inflammation may play a central role in hepcidin regulation. Hepcidin is a key regulator ofiron homeostasis and has now been suggested as a central mediator ofiron metabolism disorders involved in the pathogenesis of anemia of chronic disease. In this review, we focus on subclinical inflammation in obesity and its effect on hepcidin levels, as the most plausible explanation for the relationship between anemia of chronic disease and obesity.

Expresión disminuida de caspasa 3 asociada al polimorfismo del gen del antígeno-4 asociado a linfocito T-citotóxico (CTLA4) en pacientes chilenos con diabetes tipo 1 / Decreased caspase 3 expression and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 polymorphism in Chilean patients with type 1 diabetes

Background: Several polymorphisms of the CTLA4 gene have been associated with autoimmune diseases. The activation of induced cell death is the major event and caspase 3 represents the main protein for the apoptotic machinery, especially in lymphocytes. Aim: To correlate CTLA4 polymorphisms with caspase 3 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) simulating in vitro the glucose effect. Material and Methods: CTLA4 polymorphisms were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). PBMC from 21 patients with type 1 diabetes aged 8.5 ± 4.3 years and 21 healthy subjects aged 18.3 ± 1.8 years, were stimulated under normal (5 mM) and toxic (14 mM) glucose conditions to assess its effect on the expression and activity of caspase 3. Relative abundance of caspase 3 mRNA was measured by semi quantitative RT-PCR and its activity, by a colorimetric assay. Results: When stimulated with 14mM glucose, PBMC of G allele carriers with type 1 diabetes had significantly lower relative mRNA abundance of caspase 3 (median value = 0.12, range 0.01-0.70 AU) compared with non-carriers (median value = 0.81, range 0.06-1.09 AU). When the incubation was carried out with the lower glucose concentration, a similar profile of caspase 3 activity was observed in diabetic patients carrying G allele (median value = 0.57, range 0.13-1.20 AU) as compared with non-carriers (median value = 0.89, range 0.14-5.50 AU). No significant changes after stimulating with glucose, were observed in PBMCs of the control group. Conclusions: PBMC of recently diagnosed patients with T1D, carrying the G allele in + 49A/G polymorphisms of CTLA4, have a decreased expression and activity of caspase 3.

Determinación de hierro, zinc y cobre en carne de bovino / Iron, zinc and cooper content of cow meat

Se determinó hierro, zinc y cobre en los 33 cortes de carne (según la normativa Chilena) en dos ejemplares bovinos. Se obtuvieron triplicados de muestras de cada corte que fueron sometidas a digestión acida y leídas en EAA. Los promedios de Fe y Zn de cada corte de cada hemicanal de cada animal no mostraron diferencias significativas; obteniendo altas correlaciones entre canales (r=0,91; p<0.001, r=0,68; p<0.001, respectivamente). Las relaciones para los valores obtenidos para el cobre fueron no significativas. El contenido de Fe, Zn y Cu (mg/100 g) de los 33 cortes analizados estuvieron en los siguientes rangos: 1,02-3,42 mg Fe; 2,14-5,32 mg Zn; 0,06-0,19. El promedio ponderado por peso de Fe, Zn y Cu para la carne vacuna fue de 1,31; 3,41 y 0,10 respectivamente. Las vísceras analizadas presentaron las siguientes concentraciones de Fe, Zn y Cu/100 g: Corazón (3,23; 1,46 y 0,25), pulmón (5,70; 1,64 y 0,13), cerebro (0,94; 0,98 y 1,02), hígado (6,04; 3,89 y 5,85), bazo (31,15; 2,61 y 0,09) y riñón (3,02; 1,53 y 0,28). Se concluye que la carne vacuna no muestra grandes fluctuaciones en las cantidades de hierro a diferencias de las cantidades de zinc que si dependen del corte analizado. El contenido de cobre en la carne es escaso. En cuanto a las vísceras, las diferencias son evidentes debido a las distintas funciones orgánicas de cada una.

Iron, zinc and copper content of 33 bovine meat cuts (in accordance with Chilean standards) were measured from two cow specimens. We obtained triplicate samples of each basic cut of meat as well from the principal organs. The samples underwent acid digestion and were read using AAS. The average quantities of Fe and Zn in the corresponding cuts from each canal of the two specimens did not exhibit significant differences and were significantly correlated (r=0.91, p<0.001 and r=0.68; p<0.001, respectively). The values obtained for copper from the two samples were not significantly correlated The Fe, Zn and Cu contain (mg/100 g) of the 33 cuts analyzed ranged from 1.02-3.42 mg Fe; 2.14-5.32 mg Zn; 0.06-0.19. Fe, Zn, and Cu concentrations in organs were respectively (mg/100 g): heart 3,23; 1,46 and 0,25; lung 5,70; 1,64 and 0,13; brain 0,94; 0,98 and 1,02; liver 6,04; 3,89 and 5,85; spleen 31,15; 2,61 and 0,09; and kidney 3,02; 1,53 and 0,28. We conclude that cow meat does not exhibit large fluctuations in iron content in conirasi with zinc, which differs in content depending on the cut Copper conieni in bovine meat is minimal. As for the organs, there are evident differences in mineral content which are related of their functions.

Fortificación de alimentos con hierro en Chile / Iron fortification of foods in Chile

En Chile la prevalencia de anemia por deficiencia de hierro de preescolares, escolares, adolescentes, hombres adultos y mujeres en edad fértil es baja. Sólo los lactantes y las embarazadas presentan una prevalencia significativa de anemia. Es altamente probable que la fortificación de la harina de trigo con hierro han influido en el mejoramiento del estado de nutrición de hierro de aquellos grupos etáreos de la población chilena que consume pan. La fortificación de la leche con hierro y ácido ascórbico es una efectiva estrategia para la prevención de la deficiencia de hierro en el lactante. Desde fines de 1998 el Programa Nacional de Alimentación Complementaria (PNAC) está entregando a los lactantes y embarazadas una leche completa en polvo fortificada con 10 mg de Fe, 5 mg de Zn, 0,5 mg de Cu y 70 mg de ácido ascórbico por 100 g de polvo. El objetivo de este programa es reducir la prevalencia de anemia en el lactante de un 27 - 30 por ciento a menos de un 5 por ciento